目录

• 自动装配原理
• SpringBootApplication
• EnableAutoConfiguration
• AutoConfigurationImportSelector
• 总结

在使用springboot时，很多配置我们都没有做，都是springboot在帮我们完成，这很大一部分归功于springboot自动装配，那springboot的自动装配的原理是怎么实现的呢？

自动装配原理

springboot 版本：2.4.3

SpringBootApplication

springboot启动类必须要加@SpringBootApplication注解，那这个注解是什么意思呢？

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
        @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
        @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {

抛开元数据注解来说，SpringBootApplication注解主要由@SpringBootConfiguration、@EnableAutoConfiguration、@ComponentScan组成。这三个又有不同的作用如下：

• @SpringBootConfiguration:被@Configuration标记，表示这是个springboot配置，支持JavaConfig的方式来进行配置。
• @EnableAutoConfiguration：表示开启自动装配(重点介绍)
• @ComponentScan：扫描注解，扫描basePackages包下的bean并将他们注入到IOC容器中，比如：@Service、@Controller、@Component等注解。

EnableAutoConfiguration

真正开启自动配置的还是@EnableAutoConfiguration注解，来看下EnableAutoConfiguration注解源码：

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {

@EnableAutoConfiguration 又是由@AutoConfigurationPackage和@Import注解组成。

• @AutoConfigurationPackage是一个复合注解的，它在内部使用@Import(AutoConfigurationPackages.Registrar.class)注解，Registrar是AutoConfigurationPackages的一个内部类，它的作用就是注册一个springboot启动类所在的包名，这个包名可以供列如JPA的使用。
• AutoConfigurationImportSelector通过selectImports方法将配置类导入，从而完成bean的装配

AutoConfigurationImportSelector

AutoConfigurationImportSelector实现了DeferredImportSelector接口，DeferredImportSelector是ImportSelector的变种，它是一个延迟选择器。实现了DeferredImportSelector接口的子类如果重新了getImportGroup方法并返回DeferredImportSelector内部接口Group的子类，DeferredImportSelector接口的子类的子类将不会调用selectImports而是调用Group的selectImports方法。

接下来看看AutoConfigurationImportSelector重写了getImportGroup方法并返回一个内部类AutoConfigurationGroup，AutoConfigurationGroup#selectImports方法只是对配置数组进行排序筛选，真正处理自动配置的流程的是process方法。
process方法源码如下：

@Override
        public void process(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata, DeferredImportSelector deferredImportSelector) {
            Assert.state(deferredImportSelector instanceof AutoConfigurationImportSelector,
                    () -> String.format("Only %s implementations are supported, got %s",
                            AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class.getSimpleName(),
                            deferredImportSelector.getClass().getName()));
            AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = ((AutoConfigurationImportSelector) deferredImportSelector)
                    .getAutoConfigurationEntry(annotationMetadata);
            this.autoConfigurationEntries.add(autoConfigurationEntry);
            for (String importClassName : autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations()) {
                this.entries.putIfAbsent(importClassName, annotationMetadata);
            }
        }

process方法就是对AutoConfigurationGroup一些属性的填充，起作用的还是AutoConfigurationImportSelector.getAutoConfigurationEntry方法。

getAutoConfigurationEntry方法中经过各种判断过滤、去重等操作，最后返回AutoConfigurationEntry对象。源码如下

  protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
        if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
            return EMPTY_ENTRY;
        }
    //获取EnableAutoConfiguration注解的exclude和excludeName属性
        AnnotationAttributes attributes = getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
    //获取所有配置类
        List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
    //去除重复配置类
        configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);
        Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
        checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
    //移除 exclude的配置类
        configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
        configurations = getConfigurationClassFilter().filter(configurations);
        fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
        return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
    }

getAutoConfigurationEntry 筛选的自动配置类：

getAutoConfigurationEntry方法中要重点分析的是getCandidateConfigurations方法。getCandidateConfigurations的作用是获取所有自动装配的配置类的全限定名。

来看下getCandidateConfigurations方法源码：

protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
        List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),
                getBeanClassLoader());
        Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
                + "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
        return configurations;
    }
  
  protected Class<?> getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass() {
        return EnableAutoConfiguration.class;
    }

这里面用到了SpringFactoriesLoader是spring提供的一种加载配置的方式，它会将类从配置文件中读取到，然后利用反射将bean加载到IOC容器中。

SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames中会加载META-INF/spring.factories自动配置类。这些配置类在spring.factories文件中是以key=value的形式存储的，来看下部分自动配置类：

# Auto Configure
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.admin.SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.aop.AopAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.amqp.RabbitAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.batch.BatchAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cassandra.CassandraAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cloud.CloudAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.ConfigurationPropertiesAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.couchbase.CouchbaseAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.dao.PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraDataAutoConfiguration,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraReactiveDataAutoConfiguration,\

来看下SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames源码：

public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";

public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryType, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
		ClassLoader classLoaderToUse = classLoader;
		if (classLoaderToUse == null) {
			classLoaderToUse = SpringFactoriesLoader.class.getClassLoader();
		}
		String factoryTypeName = factoryType.getName();
		return loadSpringFactories(classLoaderToUse).getOrDefault(factoryTypeName, Collections.emptyList());
	}

	private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(ClassLoader classLoader) {
		Map<String, List<String>> result = cache.get(classLoader);
		if (result != null) {
			return result;
		}

		result = new HashMap<>();
		try {
			Enumeration<URL> urls = classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION);
			while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
				URL url = urls.nextElement();
				UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);
				Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
				for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : properties.entrySet()) {
					String factoryTypeName = ((String) entry.getKey()).trim();
					String[] factoryImplementationNames =
							StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) entry.getValue());
					for (String factoryImplementationName : factoryImplementationNames) {
						result.computeIfAbsent(factoryTypeName, key -> new ArrayList<>())
								.add(factoryImplementationName.trim());
					}
				}
			}

			// Replace all lists with unmodifiable lists containing unique elements
			result.replaceAll((factoryType, implementations) -> implementations.stream().distinct()
					.collect(Collectors.collectingAndThen(Collectors.toList(), Collections::unmodifiableList)));
			cache.put(classLoader, result);
		}
		catch (IOException ex) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [" +
					FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION + "]", ex);
		}
		return result;
	}

loadFactoryNames方法只是传递一个org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration作为key，然后取到对应的自动配置类列表。

最终调用的是loadSpringFactories方法，loadSpringFactories会从jar包中找到spring.factories文件然后将其中的自动配置类存到一个map中，从下图可以看到map中存在很多bean，loadFactoryNames方法在加载自动配置类时只取了一个key。弱水三千，只取一瓢。

loadSpringFactories返回结果：

自动装配流程图大致如下：

总结

EnableAutoConfiguration注解开启自动装配，其上的标记的@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)注解中导入配置类

AutoConfigurationImportSelector实现DeferredImportSelector接口，并重写了getImportGroup方法并返回AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationGroup，AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationGroup.process开始处理自动配置流程。

AutoConfigurationImportSelector.getCandidateConfigurations获取所有配置类getAutoConfigurationEntry方法筛选，去重、移除不符合条件的自动配置类。

SpringFactoriesLoader.loadSpringFactories从jar包中找到所有META-INF/spring.factories文件并读取自动配置类，存放到map中， loadFactoryNames方法通过全限定名org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration找到自动配置类。

最后经过层层筛选，去重、移除不符合条件的bean，由ConfigurationClassPostProcessor#processConfigBeanDefinitions注册所有的自动配置类。